Nuclear power for future energy supplies

Nuclear power for future energy supplies Should Nuclear Power Be Developed For Future Energy Supplies? Introduction I am writing this essay to debate the idea of having nuclear power developed for future use by us. This takes on a major issue and covers many aspects of our nations energy use both in present and for the future. When we think about nuclear power we do not automatically think of it as a non renewable energy source. This is because it is not part of the fossils fuels; coal, oil and gas, which we all know will not last us as reliable energy sources for much longer. However, nuclear power is a non renewable energy source and has many dedicated power stations located around the UK. Nuclear energy is considered an important fuel to produce energy as it currently provides 28% of this countrys needs, compared to the feeble 1% of renewable energy used. How Is Nuclear Energy Made? Nuclear energy is obtained by processes of nuclear fission and fusion. In nuclear fission the energy is released by splitting the atom sending a neutron blasting through the nucleus, this makes other neutrons fly off at high speeds setting up a chain reaction. Nuclear fusion is the opposite by which the nuclei of two or more atoms fuse together, in the process mass is lost and this is then converted into energy. Production of energy takes place inside a nuclear reactor which consists of a core surrounded by a thick concrete shield, steam pipes, turbines and a final (electricity) generator. After the mining of the ore (this is mainly uranium or plutonium ore) has been done the pure uranium is turned into uranium dioxide which is made into pellets. Several of these pellets are placed inside fuel rods. Usually there are about 90,000 fuel rods placed in the core of a reactor. Nuclear fission takes place inside the core by which the isotope splits using the atoms in the uranium dioxide from the pellets. The immense heat produced by this is carried away by fluid circulating through the reactor core. Once the fluid becomes heated it is used to produce steam, this steam drives the turbines which in turn rotate the main electricity generators to produce clean, reliable electricity. During this process there is a massive amount of radiation and so this is why the core is surrounded by a thick concrete shield to absorb this radiation. Arguments For Using And Developing Nuclear Power To satisfy our general needs of heating our water, heating our homes, cooking our food, powering our appliances and lighting our rooms, we need to retrieve energy from the many many methods available to us. One of these choices is nuclear energy. There are very good reasons why it should be considered and developed further, to be used in the future. Firstly, by comparing it to the other non renewable energy sources (coal, oil and natural gas), nuclear power is a very clean energy as it does not produce any of the greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, which lead to the greenhouse effect or global warming. This problem is significant for the disintegration of the ozone layer when fossil fuels are burnt to release energy. Plus using this form of energy can save the reserves we have left of some of the precious fossils fuels like oil, which is said to run out within the next 50 years. Because nuclear power already supplies 28% of the UKs energy, it is also much more reliable at present than many of the renewable options we have available such as wind, solar and wave. A very important point and something that must be considered is that there can be huge amount of energy produced from just a small amount of nuclear element. Just one kilogram of uranium can produce as much energy as 3,000,000 kilograms of coal. Many people also feel that the ‘dumping of waste is a major issue. It is a concerning factor, but when looking at the real statistics, the nuclear power industry produces 2,000 tonnes of nuclear waste every year in the United States, whereas the coal fired power plants are producing a staggering 100,000,000 tonnes of ash and sludge which is blown into the atmosphere being breathed in by us plus contributing to global warming. Finally, with the nuclear energy economy being one of the safest in the world, producing the cheapest energy, development in the future can provide thousands of jobs and other opportunities of stable employment for many people. Arguments Against Using And Developing Nuclear Power As well as the very well argued points agreeing with the future use of nuclear energy, there is opposition to this expansion. There are many people and often groups that raise concerns about the safety of nuclear power. Nuclear waste that is produced from the nuclear power stations emits a very high amount of dangerous radiation that can stay radioactive for up to 25,000 years so it must be disposed of very carefully. Any accident is extremely dangerous and can kill any life in the surrounding area immediately. A case study that shows the extreme risk of development of nuclear power and what can happen if an accident occurs is the 1986 incident in Chernobyl, Russia. Here a nuclear reactor exploded killing 31 people, and around 140,000 people were evacuated as quickly as possible. This area around the explosion was contaminated by radiation and this will remain for a long period of time. The clouds of radioactive material that were also released by the explosion spread, reaching even as far as Sweden. The wind that blew from Chernobyl also came across to Britain and caused acid and other toxic rain that ruined farmland, making the soil radioactive. Farmers are still having problems in parts of Wales because of the radiation that has spread as a result of an accident at a nuclear power plant. Rather than looking at nuclear energys dangers, it also has a few faults. One of these are that a big part of the energy that is created must be blown away because it cannot be used. Nuclear power is also unable to adjust to a lower power production for night. These are faults which not only can cause problems but also inconvenience. Back to the issue of the nuclear waste, focusing away from its safety concerns, and more about where it can be disposed of without causing major problems. As it does stay radioactive for a very long time it must be discarded carefully. The pollution of this waste can cause serious effects on both people and the environment. An example of pollution has been in the Irish sea which was dreadfully polluted by the nuclear waste from the power plant at Sellafield in Cumbria. This fuel should ideally be stored in a safe environment either underground or in special concrete surrounded stainless steel liquid tanks. Another concern that is brought up with nuclear power is the potential for nuclear weapons to be developed. In these weapons would be uncontrolled nuclear fission where even if just a small amount of unstable uranium or plutonium is used, a bomb would explode. If more countries turned to the development of nuclear energy we could be at risk of production of these weapons by countries such those in the Middle East and terrorist groups, some believe it may even lead to a possible nuclear war in the future. Conclusion Looking at all of the arguments for and against the issue of whether nuclear power should be developed for future energy supplies, they are all valid reason that should be taken into account. As for my personal response, I feel that nuclear energy should not be developed as the building of more power plants could cause harmful effects, especially if accidents occur. I feel that the chance of accidents taking place are far more likely if this source of energy is developed. This can lead to the deaths of many lives due to the sheer amount of radiation. Plus looking at the locations of nuclear power plants in the UK, they are mainly in remote areas, for obvious reasons, and also near the sea. More of these can lead to their expansion in more populated areas putting many lives in danger. I also feel that instead of turning to another non renewable energy from fossil fuels, it is far better to invest and research into the development of renewable sources which will give us clean, cheap energy in the future. By looking at changing the technology for these alternatives now, we can help plan for the future. However, if the nuclear industry was developed then when reserves of uranium and plutonium ran out we would once again be searching for other ways. So overall I feel that nuclear energy, although cheap and reliable, is not the best option to be developed for future use, not just in this country but around the world.

Capitalism and Freedom Book Review

Warren Bryan 3/5/12 Book Review: Capitalism & Freedom Author: Milton Friedman Milton Friedman’s Capitalism & Freedom is one of the most important books regarding economics of the 20th century. His thoughts laid the groundwork for the emerging modern conservative movement, which was an evolution of the 19th century beliefs surrounding liberalism.Friedman’s major themes of his most famous work consist of the roles of competitive capitalism, as well as the role that government should play in a society â€Å"dedicated to freedom and relying primarily on the market to organize economic activity. † The book touches on a multitude of other economic issues; however, his first two chapters regarding the major themes of the book are most relevant in today’s study of economics. Most of Friedman’s viewpoints I agree with in terms of promoting freedom and its necessity to promoting prosperity and growth.Friedman, however, lacks a certain level of clarity regardi ng the specificity of his definition of â€Å"economic freedom† and the other variants of â€Å"freedom. † Friedman argues that a free market economic policy is by definition part of freedom, or in his words, â€Å"†¦freedom in economic arrangement is itself a component of freedom broadly understood, so economic freedom is an end in itself. † This is one of his prime arguments supporting his claim that free market economic policies are critical for a free society.The implications surrounding this statement are that anyone who is against a free market economic policy is also against the American values of liberty and the liberal tradition, or as Friedman puts it, â€Å"Underlying most arguments against the free market is a lack of belief in freedom itself. † What he lacks in his explanation concerning the connection between freedom and economic freedom is his disregard to define the concept of freedom, whether concerning its origins, how it developed, or what it means specifically relative to all the different economic issues it applies to.For example he lists several present day scenarios that violate one’s economic freedom: having to pay 10% of income to social security, not being able to follow an occupation of your own choice without professional licensure, being forbidden to exchange certain items because of quotas that prevent such exchanges, being thrown in jail for setting prices lower than the manufacture specified (fair trade laws), and the farmer who cannot grow the amount he desires because of price supports.Under complete economic freedom, the government should not be able to tell us how or where to spend our money, dispose of our goods, or how we should labor because it’s in violation of our individual freedom, or our entitlement to property and labor, according to Friedman. Surely these are all characteristics of being free, however his explanation is certainly not the end all-be all. It is more rela tive to examine what is exactly entitled to the elements of freedom.A famous example comes from a Supreme Court Justice who said, â€Å"My freedom to move my fist must be limited by the proximity of your chin. † This coincides with John Locke’s paradoxical claim that one must give up certain rights to achieve freedom. An absolute interpretation of â€Å"freedom† is just not plausible because of the endless amounts of extenuating circumstances that would, and should, interfere with ones freedom. The very nature of society and law places these restrictions on absolute freedom because your actions are limited by the protection of another’s entitlements.Friedman acknowledges this impossibility and admits that there is still an important role for the government to make the rules and act as â€Å"umpire† toward them. He concludes on this thought stating, â€Å"What the market does is to reduce greatly the range of issues that must be decided through pol itical means, and thereby minimize the extent to which government need participate directly in the game. † Friedman more narrowly believed the government should intervene with â€Å"indivisible matters. † A problem with this claim regarding indivisible matters is he never clarifies what constitutes an indivisible matter.The example he gives is in relation to national defense, â€Å"I cannot get the amount of national defense I want and you a different amount. With respect to such indivisible matters we can discuss, argue, and vote. But having decided we must conform. † Thus, we shall let the government deal with indivisible matters where we must meet a consensus on basic things such as defense. How do we know that a flat tax, a tax reform mentioned by Friedman, counts as a matter that government should control whereas a tax for social security does not?The criteria must be explained for the difference between the two. Friedman believed that the market allows bett er proportional representation than the democratic process. â€Å"The market allows the voluntary exchange of goods between individuals without coercion. † â€Å"Exchange can therefore bring about co-ordination without coercion†¦no exchange will take place unless both parties do benefit from it. Cooperation is thereby achieved without coercion. † This implies that the free market system gives people what they want instead of what some group thinks they â€Å"ought to want. This is a basis for his belief in laissez-faire. Friedman believed that government intervention enforces conformity. Policies are implemented based on a majority vote, or at best a 2/3rd vote, thus imposing a view from the majority onto the minority. A valid point that Friedman fails to comprehend that government is necessary for exchange even to begin. What he fails to comprehend is that the market only exists by being founded on laws that the government has already defined.The perceived freed om of the market and tolerance of diversity is not the product of free markets, yet the benefit and consequence of agreements that makes the market possible to begin with. The possibility that people can exchange goods in the market place pre-supposed that there are contracts, notions of property, enforcement systems for violations and so on. The most crucial part in regards to what makes freedom possible in the market is directly related to the government, the very thing he believed enforced conformity.I argue that Friedman fails to recognize both types of freedoms, the first being the freedom to participate in the market but not the freedom in regards to the agreement undertaken to participate within the market in the first place, or the rules of the game. An analogy I found clarifies this concept. The analogy compares the games of checkers and chess. Chess has a more complex rule set than checkers does relative to the extent of moves allowable, however most people would probably choose to play chess for this very reason.Thus, a reduction in rules with the government doesn’t necessarily mean we are more economically free, but yet that we choose to â€Å"play† a different game. Surely I agree with Friedman that the more economic freedom the better, but it is ultimately the government’s job for how we settle the â€Å"rules of the game. † As Friedman’s book proves, as well as my arguments against some of his claims, it is very hard to establish a fine line between governments and markets. The degree of freedom will always be in question within a free society.However, there are many different degrees within these free markets and there can be multiple ways to draw the line between government and the market and still be classified as a â€Å"free market. † ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Milton Friedman, Capitalism And Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, 1982, 2002), 4. [ 2 ]. Milton Friedman, Capitalism And Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, 1982, 2002), 6 [ 3 ]. Milton Friedman, Capitalism And Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, 1982, 2002), 9 [ 4 ].Howard Schwartz, â€Å"What Color Tie Do you Vote For? † Jan. 2007, 5 March 2012 [ 5 ]. Milton Friedman, Capitalism And Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, 1982, 2002), 24 [ 6 ]. Milton Friedman, Capitalism And Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, 1982, 2002), 33 [ 7 ]. Milton Friedman, Capitalism And Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, 1982, 2002), 35 [ 8 ]. Milton Friedman, Capitalism And Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, 1982, 2002), 35

Pediatric Onset Type II Diabetes - 1854 Words

America is a melting pot of immigrants. First, the pilgrims, the Italians, the Polish came to America for opportunity. More recently, people from the Philippines, Syria, and Mexico have emigrated from their homes for a better future. Latinos are the largest minority in the US-making up more than 13.7% of total population. Type 2 Diabetes and its complications are a major health concern all over the world. Some racial and ethnic populations are more at risk for this disease. Type II Diabetes is well known as one of the most preventable diseases in modern times. The focus of this research paper is to determine why Latinx children are at an increased risk for Type II diabetes, compared to their peers. In order to understand the complexity of†¦show more content†¦The clinic that was chosen as it provides care for children who are typically uninsured or below the poverty level in the county. All of the subjects studied were classified as having type 1, type 2 diabetes, secondary diabetes, or impaired glucose tolerance. Total 55 patients with diabetes, 17 met the criteria of type 2 diabetes, and the other 38 had type 1. The subjects age ranges ranged from 10 to 17 years, and boys and girls were evenly represented. The patients shared several important clinical features. The mean BMI for the group was 32.9, and everyone in the group was obese. The majority of the patients had been obese throughout childhood. The medical records of the Mexican-American children with type 2 diabetes were reviewed and summarized in 1994, and again in 1996. Data like ketones in blood, plasma glucose, insulin, and thyroid antibodies were noted. Their health history including birth weight and maternal history of gestational diabetes were obtained. Family histories of diabetes allowed assessment of the genetic aspects of the disorder. Eight siblings of the children performed 3-hour OGTTs. The siblings equally boys and girls, ranged in age from 8 to 16 years old. The survey that was distributed to 6 high schools in Ventura County were to assess the prevalence of diabetes in Hispanic youth. They asked for information from the school such as: school population, ethnic breakdown of students and the number of students with diabetes. Observed versus expected

Economic Liberalization Of The United Arab Emirates

Mona Darwish Research Paper Research Question: Has economic liberalization been occurring in the UAE? Economic Liberalization in the United Arab Emirates The economy in the United Arab Emirates has experienced substantial increases in the last 40 years. The UAE’s capabilities with the pearling and oil industries have given the region its necessary budgets to expand so rapidly. The economic policies in the UAE have gone through stages, since the birth of the region in 1971. Changes in economic welfare of the markets, and privatization policies are also key aspects in understanding the UAE’s economic liberalization and growth. In order to understand the UAE’s economic standard, economic liberalization must be analyzed. The argument of this paper will discuss how economic liberalization has occurred in the United Arab Emirates and is continuing to grow. Economic liberalization is the openness of free trade, privatization of public services, and minimal regulations over markets. Economic growth is the increase in GDP from the markets. The two terms connect together for the UAE due to the economic growth allowing econ omic liberalization to flourish in the region to keep up with the modernity occurring. With economic growth increasing rapidly, the UAE has felt it necessary to liberalize its economy in order to diversify its region and allow for more opportunities domestically and internationally. In the United Arab Emirates, economic liberalization would mean thatShow MoreRelatedEconomic Liberalization Of The United Arab Emirates1194 Words   |  5 PagesPaper Research Question: Has economic liberalization been occurring in the UAE? Economic Liberalization in the United Arab Emirates The economy in the United Arab Emirates has experienced substantial increases in the last 40 years. The UAE’s capabilities with the pearling and oil industries have given the region its necessary budgets to expand so rapidly. 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Walt Disney the Pioneer in Entertainment Film Essay

Walt Disney the Pioneer in Entertainment Film During a 43-year Hollywood career, which spanned the development of the motion picture medium as a modern American art, Walter Elias Disney was a pioneer and innovator, and the possessor of one of the most fertile imaginations the world has ever known. His creations set forth a foundation in the realm of animated entertainment through the use of modern applications and ingenious techniques. As an ambitious animator, Walt Disney began his career making animated commercials for the Kansas City Film Ad Company in 1919, in which they were previewed at local theatres (Jackson 6). Years later, he then moved on to opening his own animation firm producing Laugh-o-Grams. These animated shorts†¦show more content†¦It was calculated that if the film ran at 90 ft/min., they could animate the silent cartoon to a musical beat by planning it out in advance. Their simple tunes could be played at 2 beats/sec, so markings were made on the film every 12 frames, both as a guide for the ani mator, and later as an indicator for the orchestra, which would synchronize the musical track (Maltin 4). The Cinephone Process, created by Walt Disney and Pat Powers, was responsible for introducing the sound effects into STEAMBOAT WILLIE . This endeavor caught the attention of many and brought forth a positive reaction towards the magical works of Disney. The New York Times wrote: â€Å"It is an ingenious piece of work with a good deal of fun. It growls, whines, squeaks and makes various other sounds that add to its mirthful quality (5).† As the film industry experimented with new developments and methods to improve on the quality and special effects of their featured films, Disney followed right behind. Like introducing sound into his cartoons, Disney was eager to incorporate color to add visual stimulation to his cartoons. 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Chapter 4 Account Titles and Preparation of Financial Statements Free Essays

Chapter 4 : Account Titles and Preparation of Financial Statements| Article 14 : The balance sheet items shallbe categorized as follows: 1. Assets. (1) Current assets. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 4 : Account Titles and Preparation of Financial Statements or any similar topic only for you Order Now (2) Funds and long-term investments. (3) Property, plant and equipment. (4) Depletable assets. (5) Intangible assets. (6) Other assets. 2. Liabilities. Article 15 : Current assets mean unrestricted cash and cash equivalent, short-term investments, and other assets that are convertible to cash or expended within one year. Categorization and evaluation of current asset titles along with required explanatory notes are as follows: 1. Cash and Cash equivalent: cash on hand, deposits with banks, cash for revolving use, petty cash, and short-term and highly liquid investment that can be converted into a fixed amount of cash with interest fluctuation having small impact thereon, excluding those already set aside for use or restricted by law or contract; the account nature and required notes are as follows: (1) Non-demand-deposits with maturity over a year shall be specified. 2) Time deposits (including negotiable certificates of deposit) shall be reclassified as other assets if provided as lien for a long-term liability or as other current liabilities if provided as lien for a current liability, and shall be specified in the notes for the fact of collateralization. Refundable deposit shallbe classified as a current or other asset by the long- or short-term nature, and shall be specified in the notes. (3) Compensating balances shall be classified as current assets if arising from short-term loans, or reclassified as other assets or long-term investments if arising from long-term liabilities. 2. Short-term investment: defined as investment that is short-term; the nature of titles and evaluation thereof and the required explanatory notes are as follows: (1) Financial asset with change in fair value being recorded as gains or losses and financial asset available for sale shall be valued using the fair value on the balance sheet date; the fair value of listed or OTC stock and depository receipts indicate the closing price on the balance sheet date. 2) Financial assets which need to be sold within a short period of time, thus changing in fair value and incurring a gain or loss, must be reflected in the financial assets records or when determining how to measure the gains or losses, you decided on using fair value to reflect these changes in fair value, these figures must also be reflected in your financial asset records. 3) Financial asset available for sale shall mean the non-derivative financial assets other than the financial assets with change in fair value being recorded in to gains or losses, which financial assets are to be held until the date of expiry. 4) Short-term investments provided as a lien, collateral or refundable deposit shall be recorded as a short-term investment if the liability for such an investment is provided as a guarantee; if a short-term investment is provided as a guarantee for a long-term liability, such investments shallbe recorded as long-term investments. Facts regarding the guaranteeshall be specified in either case. 3. Hedging financial assets: defined as the financial assets set up in hedging accounting, which are used as effective hedging tools, shall be measured by fair value and divided into current and non-current according to the liquidity of the items to be hedged; non-current hedging financial liabilities shall be recorded as hedging financial liabilities under other assets. 4. Notes Receivable: defined as various notes which are collected by the business entity. The accounting nature, valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Shall be valued at the present value, or may be valued at the face value if maturing within one year. (2) Notes receivable that were discounted or transferred to others shall be deducted and specified. (3) Notes receivable arising from operations shall be presented separately from those not arising from operations. 4) Large-sum notes receivable from related persons shall be presented individually. (5) Notes receivable that are provided as collateral shall be specified in the notes. (6) Notes receivable determined to be uncollectible shall be written off. (7) Notes receivable shall be valued at closing for the uncollectible amount, and any allowance for the uncollectible amount shall be properly provided and presented as the contra account of the notes receivable. 5. Accounts Receivable: defined as the claim of the business entity arising from selling goods or services; the accounting nature, valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Shall be valued at the present value or may be valued at the book value if maturing within one year. (2) Large-sum accounts receivable from related persons shall be presented individually. (3) Unrealized interest revenues from installment sales shall be presented as the contra account of the accounts receivable. 4) Accounts receivable to be collected over one year, shall be specified in the notes for the amount of expected collection of each year. (5) â€Å"Designated Collateralized Accounts Receivable† shall be disclosed in the notes. (6) Accounts receivable that includes receivables from a long-term construction contract shall be presented and specified in the notes for the reserved portion that has been billed as it pertains to the construction account. Where the expected collection of the reserved amount runs past one year, the expected amount of collection for each year shall be specified in the notes. (7) Accounts receivable determined as uncollectible shall be written off. (8) Accounts receivable shall be valued at closing for the uncollected amount, and an allowance for the uncollectible amount shall be properly provided and presented as the contra account of the accounts receivable. . Other Receivables: defined as the receivables that do not belong to the categories of receivables in the preceding paragraph; the account nature, valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Other receivables exceeding five percent of the sum of current assets shall be presented separately by nature or object. 2) Other receivables shall be valued at closing for the uncollected amount, and an allowance for the uncollected amount shall be properly provided and presented as the contra account of the receivables. Where the receivables are classif ied greater detail, , the allowance account shall also be presented accordingly. 7. Inventories: defined as merchandise or goods, either finished goods or by-products for sale in normal operations along with goods that are work-in-process to be sold upon completion, or raw materials or supplies used directly or indirectly in the production of goods (or services) for sale; the account nature, valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Inventories shall be valued using the lower of cost or market price method. 2) Inventories with defect, damage or obsolescence causing an obvious decline in value shall be valued based on the net realizable value. (3) Inventories that are provided as lien or guarantee, whose usage is supervised by creditors, etc. shall be specified. 8. Prepayments: defined as various costs and expenses prepaid. With exception for funds required by contract for the purchase of fixed assets and construction funds for unfinished construction funds, which should both be categorized as fixed assets. 9. Other Current Assets: defined as current assets that do not belong to the previous seven categories of current assets. However, any of the previous categories of current assets, with the exception of cash, not exceeding five percent of the sum of current assets may be merged into other current assets. Article 16 : Funds and long-term investments are defined as the various funds set aside for operational purposes and long-term investments used by the business for special purposes; the account categories, valuation and required notes are as follows: 1. Funds: defined as assets provided for special purposes, including sinking funds, improvement and expansion funds, contingency loss funds and other related mutual funds. The resolution and implementation method on which appropriation of the funds is ba sed shall be specified. 2. Long-term Investments: defined as investments of a long-term nature, such as investment in other enterprises, purchases of long-term bonds or investments in real estate or other related investments; the account nature, valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Long-term investments shall be specified for the valuation basis and shall be presented separately by nature. (2) The accounting handling of long-term equity investments valued by equity method shall follow the provisions of the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. announced by the Accounting Research and Development Foundation of the Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the â€Å"Statement of Financial Accounting Standards†). (3) The accounting handling of long-term equity investments not valued by the equity method shall follow the provisions outlined in the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 34. (4) Long-term investments that are provided as lien or subject to restrictions, limi tations, etc. hall be specified. (5) Long-term equity investments measured by cost means those who possess the following securities without material impact or the derivative products moving along with such securities and deliver through such securities: 1. Equity securities that are not traded at the stock exchange or not traded over the OTC. 2. Emerging stock. (6) Financial assets in held-to-maturity: defined as non-derivative financial asset with fixed or determined collection amounts and date of expiry, which business have aggressive intent and capability to hold until the date of expiry. Bond investments which are held until the date of expiry shall be measured by amortized cost; investments held until the date of expiry that expire within one year shall be recorded as a current asset. (7) Bond investments measured by amortized cost: defined as bond investment without the open quote of active market with fixed or determined collectable amount that meet the following conditions: 1. Not destined to be measured by fair value and the change of fair value being recorded as gains and losses. 2. Not destined to be available for sale. | Article 17 : Fixed assets defined as tangible assets which are provided for use in operations, not intended for sale, and used for more than one year; the account categories, valuation and required notes are as follows: 1. Land: defined as land or permanent land improvements used in operations; its valuation includes acquisition costs, land improvements of a permanent nature and increases in value from revaluation, etc. The estimated reserve provided for land value increment tax on the increase in value from revaluation shall be classified as a long-term liability. Land that is temporarily registered under the name of others, rather than that of the business entity itself, due to legal restrictions shall be disclosed in the notes and all safeguarding measures shall be specified. 2. Buildings: defined as self-owned building and structures and other accessory facilities; the valuation includes acquisition costs of the building and structures, capitalized expenditures after acquisition that extend the useful life or ervice potential of the asset, and increases in value from revaluation. 3. Machinery and Equipment: defined as self-owned machinery or shall be valued at cost and may be classified as fixed assets or intangible assets. Leasehold improvements must be depreciated or amortized reasonably and systematically without interruption based on its durable lifespan or lease term, depending which one comes first, then they can be transferred as a compensation in a rational and systemic method or share its cost. . Miscellaneous Fixed Assets: defined as the assets that do not belong to the previous five categories; the valuation includes acquisition costs and capitalized expenditures prior to acquisition which extend the useful life or service potential of the asset, thus increasing in value from revaluation. 7. Construction in Progress and Prepayment for Equipment: defined as construction operations that are in process or installations that are unfinished along with prepayments for purchases of fixed assets to be used in operations The valuation includes the costs incurred during the process of construction and installation. Fixed assets should be specified for the valuation basis and, if revalued, the date of revaluation and the amount of increase or decrease must also be specified. With the exception of land, other fixed assets, upon reaching an useable condition, shall be depreciated reasonably and systematically during each period without interruption with the depreciation method specified, and the depreciation shall be transferred by nature to expenses or indirect manufacturing costs of each period; the accumulated depreciation shall be presented as the contra account of the fixed asset. Fixed assets with no operation value shall e regarded as other assets below the net realizable value or book value. The cost and accumulated depreciation of the assets that have no net realizable value must be written off and the difference shall be recognized as a loss. A fixed asset that is still in use after its service life shall be depreciated based on the salvage value. Fixed assets that are provided as guarantee, mortgage, collateral, etc. shall be specified. Article 18 : Depletable assets are defined as natural resources whose value decreases after extraction, cuttin g or other means of alteration; the account valuation and required notes are as follows: 1. Depletable assets shall be recorded according to the exact cost of acquisition, exploration and development. 2. Depletable assets should be specified for the valuation basis and, if revalued, the date of revaluation and the amount of increase should be specified. . Depletable assets shall be depleted reasonably and systematically each period without interruption within the estimated extraction or useful life with the depletion method specified. The depletion shall be transferred to inventories or cost of goods sold. The accumulated depletion shall be presented as the contra account of the depletable asset. 4. Depletable assets that are provided as guarantee, mortgage, collateral, etc. shall be specified. Article 19 : Intangible assets are defined as assets of economic value but without physical existence; the account categories, valuation and required notes are as follows: 1. Trademarks: defi ned as trademarks that are legally acquired or purchased; the valuation thereof shall use the unamortized cost. 2. Patents: defined as patents that are legally acquired or purchased; the valuation thereof shall use the unamortized cost. 3. Copyright: defined as the rights to publish, sell or perform the original or translated work of literature, art, academe, music, movie, etc. the valuation thereof shall use the unamortized cost. 4. Computer Software: defined as computer software purchased or developed for sale, rented or marketed by other means; the valuation thereof shall use the unamortized portion of costs of purchase or costs incurred from the establishment of technological feasibility to the production of product masters. The costs incurred prior to the establishment of technological feasibility shall be expensed as research and development costs. . Goodwill: defined as the goodwill acquired at a given price; the depreciation test shall be conducted annually. Recognized goodw ill impairmen cannot be reversed. 6. Organization Costs: defined as the necessary costs incurred for organizing a business entity during its startup period. Organization costs shall be valued at the unamortized cost. Self-developed intangible assets that cannot be clearly identified, as goodwill, shall not be recognized as assets. Research expenditures and development expenditures, with the exception of commissioned research where the costs can be totally recovered according to contract, must be regarded as an incurred expense. However, development expenditure meeting the following requirement can be capitalized; the amount of capitalization cannot exceed the estimated present net income value on future recovery, the present value for estimated future income post subtraction of recurring research, development expenditure, production cost and marketing expenses: 1. Technical viability has been made possible to complete such intangible asset. 2. Business entities intend complete such intangible asset and put it out for use or sale. 3. Business entities are capable of using or selling such intangible asset. 4. There exists a specific market encompassing intangible assets or its products; such intangible asset for internal use shall possess useful qualities. 5. Business entities have sufficient technology, finance and other resources to complete such development project and use or sell such intangible asset. 6. Expenditures that are regarded as such intangible asset during the development period can be reliably measured. Intangible assets shall be specified for the valuation basis; those whose duration of economic benefit can be reasonably estimated shall be reasonably and systemically amortized over the years of useful life. The length of amortization and method of calculation shall be specified. Intangible assets without clear economic benefit cannot be amortized. | Article 20 : Other assets are defined as assets that do not belong to the previous five categories of assets and whose collection or liquidation extends over one year; the account categories, valuation and required notes are as follows: 1. Assets Leased to Others: defined as the self-owned assets that are leased to others by a business entity whose main business is not investment or leasing. . Idle Assets: defined as assets that are currently not being used in operations. Idle assets shall be valued at the net realizable value. 3. Refundable Deposit: defined as the cash or other assets provided to others for the purpose of guarantee. 4. Long-term Notes, Accounts and Overdue Receivables: defined as the notes, accounts and overdue receivables whose date of collection has ran over one year. Long-term notes and account receivables shall be valued at the present value and overdue receivables shall be valued at the net realizable value. 5. Deferred Assets: defined as the incurred expenses whose benefits last for more than one year, which must be borne by future periods. Deferred assets shall be valued at the unamortized cost. 6. Miscellaneous Assets: defined as other assets that do not belong to the previous five categories of other assets. Overdue receivables of a material amount shall be presented individually, overdue occurrences must be stated specifically including reason and amount of uncollectible allowance provided. Other assets exceeding five percent of the sum of total assets shallbe separately presented by nature. | Article 21 : Current liabilities are regarded as liabilities that are to be settled by use of current assets or other current liabilities within one year. The account categories, valuation and required notes for current liabilities are as follows: 1. Short-term Borrowings: defined as the sum of money that is borrowed or is an overdraft from a financial institution or another party and is to be repaid within one year or one operating cycle; the valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Shall be valued at the present value. (2) Shall be specified by type or nature, guarantee situation and interest rate range of the borrowings, and, if collateral is provided, the name and book value of the collateral. 3) Borrowings from financial institutions, owners, employees, related persons, and other persons or institutions shall be separately specified. 2. Short-term Notes and Bills Payable: defined as the short-term notes and bills issued through a commissioned financial institution for the purpose of obtaining funds from the money market, including commercial paper payable and bank acceptances, etc. the valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Shall be valued at the present value; discounts on short-term notes and bills payabl e shall be presented as the contra account on the short-term notes and bills payable. (2) Shall be specified for the guarantee, institution of acceptance and interest rate, and if collateral is provided, the name and book value of the collateral. 3. Other Financial Liabilities: defined as liabilities meeting one of the following conditions: (1) financial liabilities at fair value according to the income statement should be recorded as gains and losses indicating the financial liabilities to be bought back within a short period of time or financial liabilities assigned to be measured by fair value at original recording with change in fair value being recorded as profit and loss. 2) Hedging Financial Liabilities: defined as the financial liabilities destined by hedge accounting which are effective hedging tools, and shall be measured by fair value and divided into current and non-current according to the liquidity of the items to be hedged; non-current hedging financial liabilities shall be recorded as hedging financial liabilities under other liabilities. 4. Notes Payables: defined as the various notes payable by the business entity; the valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Notes payables shall be valued at the present value, or may be valued at the face value if due within one year. (2) Notes payables arising from operations shall be separately presented from those not arising from operations. (3) Notes payable of a material amount to related parties shall be presented individually. 4) Notes payable with collateral provided shall be specified for the name and book value of the collateral. (5) Notes payable that are used as security and can be recovered for cancellation at the termination of guarantee responsibility may not be presented as current liabilities, but shall be specified in the notes to financial statements for the nature and amount of the guarantee. 5. Accounts Payable: defined as the various accounts payable by the business entity; the valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Shall be valued at the present value, or may be valued at the book value if due within one year. (2) Accounts payable arising from operations shall be separately presented from those not arising from operations. (3) Accounts payable of a material amount to related parties shall be presented individually. 4) Accounts payable with collateral provided shall be specified for the name and book value of the collateral. 6. Income Tax Payables: defined as the estimated income tax to be paid based on the taxable income. 7. Other Payables: defined as any of the payables that do not belong to the previous categories of payables, such as other tax payables, salary payables, etc. ; the valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Shall be valued at the present value, or may be valued at the book value if due within one year. 2) Dividend and bonus payables whos e appropriation method and expected payment date are determined must be disclosed. (3) If paid amount exceeds 5% of total current liabilities, records must indict the nature of the transaction or the parties involved in the transaction. 8. Advance Receipts: defined as various sums of money received in advance. Advance receipts shall be presented separately by major category with special contract items specified. 9. Other Current Liabilities: defined as current liabilities that do not belong to the previous eight categories. However, any of the previous eight categories of current liabilities not exceeding five percent of the sum of total current liabilities may be merged into other current liabilities. | Article 22 : Long-term liabilities mean liabilities whose payment deadline exceeds one year or one operating cycle, whichever is the longer; the account categories, valuation and required notes are as follows: 1. Corporate Bonds Payable: defined as debentures issued by an issuer; the valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) Company bonds shall be valued at the face value adjusted for the unamortized premium and discount; the premium and discount shall be reasonably and systematically amortized as the adjustment of interest expense over the periods where the bonds are outstanding. 2) The approved total amount, interest rate, maturity date, name of the collateral, book value, place of issue and other covenants of bonds issued shall be specified in the note. (3) Where the bonds issued are convertible bonds, the conversion method and the amount already converted shall be specified. 2. Long-term Loans Payable: defined as the loans payable whose repayment deadlines is xceeds one year; the valuation and required notes are as follows: (1) shall be valued at the present value. (2) The content, maturity date, interest rate, name of the collateral, book value and other covenants of shall be spec ified. Where the repayment of long-term loans payable is denominated at a foreign currency or is based on a foreign currency exchange rate, the name and amount of the foreign currency shall be specified. 3) Long-term borrowings from owners, employees or related persons shall be separately specified. 3. Long-term notes and accounts payable: Mean the notes payables, accounts payables, etc. whose payment deadline exceeds one year. Long-term notes payable and other long-term accounts payables shall be valued at the present value. 4. Preferred stock liability: defined as the issuance of preferred stock of the nature of financial liability in compliance with No. 6 Bulletin of the Financial Accounting Standard. | Article 23 : Other liabilities are liabilities that cannot be classified as current or long-term liabilities; the account categories are as follows: 1. Deferred Liabilities: defined as deferred revenues, deferred income tax liabilities, etc. 2. Deposits Received: defined as the ca sh or other assets received from customers for the purpose of assurance. 3. Miscellaneous Liabilities: defined as other liabilities that do not belong to the previous two categories. Other liabilities exceeding five percent of the sum of total liabilities shall be presented separately by nature. | Article 24 : Capital defined as the capital brought into the business entity by the o wner and registered with a competent authority; however it does not include preferred stock of liability nature; the items that shall be specified in the notes are as follows: 1. The kinds of capital, face value per share, number of shares authorized, number of shares issued and special conditions shall be specified. 2. Convertible preferred stock and global depository receipts shall be specified for the place of issue, method of issue and conversion, amount already converted and special conditions. | Article 26 : Retained earnings or deficit meaning the equity resulting from business operations; the account categories are as follows: 1. Legal Reserve: defined as the reserve appropriated from earnings according to Company Law or other related regulations. 2. Special Reserve: defined as the reserve appropriated from earnings according to regulations or the resolution of earnings distribution for the purpose of restricting the distribution of earnings as dividends or bonus. 3. Retained Earnings-Unappropriated or Accumulated Deficit: defined as the earnings that have not been appropriated or the deficit has not been offset. The appropriation of retained earnings or the offsetting of deficit shall only be recorded in the book with the consent of the business owner or a mutual resolution among the stockholders. Proposals for the appropriation of earnings or the offsetting of deficit shall be specified in the notes to the current period financial statements. | Article 28 : The categories of items in the income statement are as follows: 1. Operating Revenue. 2. Operating Costs. 3. Operating Expenses. 4. Non-operating Revenues and Expenses, Other Income (Expense). 5. Income Tax 6. Gains and Losses of continuing operating department. 7. Gains and Losses of discontinuing department 8. Extraordinary Gains and Losses. 9. Cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles 10. Current period net income (or net losses)| Article 29 : Operating revenue refers to the revenue earned in the normal operation of selling goods or services provided in the current period; the account categories, valuation and required notes are as follows: 1. Sales Revenue: defined as the revenue earned from selling goods. Sales returns and allowances shall be presented as a contra account of sales revenues. 2. Service Revenue: defined as the revenue earned from providing services. 3. Agency Revenue: defined as the revenue earned from compensation for an intermediary, agency or commissioned work. 4. Other Operating Revenue: defined as other revenue that does not belong to the previous three categories. Article 30 : Operating costs refers to the costs that are borne for selling goods or providing services in the current period; the account categories, valuation and required notes are as follows: 1. Cost of Goods Sold: defined as the original cost of goods sold or the manufacturing costs of products sold. Purchases returns and allowances shall be presented as a contra account of purchases costs. 2. Services Costs: defined as the costs that are borne from providing services. 3. Agency Costs: defined as the costs that are borne from an intermediary, agency or commissioned work. 4. Other Operating Costs: defined as the costs that are borne from other operating revenues. | Article 31 : Operating Expenses refers to the expenses that are borne from selling goods or providing services in the current period; operating costs and expenses that cannot be separately presented may be merged into operating expenses. | either non-operating or expense indicating extraordinary losses. Article 33 : The income or losses from continuing operations refer to both operating and non-operating revenue. Net operating expenses and non-operating expenses, of which shall be presented separately according to the pre-tax amount, including income tax expenses or benefits, and post-tax amount. | Article 34 : The gains or losses from discontinued operations refers the income gained or monies lost due to business operations, along with disposition gains or losses and the gains and losses me asured by the net fair value. For discontinued operations completing the disposition within the current year, records shall be made using the net after-tax amount indicating a gain or loss in disposable income;; for discontinued operations that do not complete disposition within the current year, the net asset thereof must be valued using the face value or net fair value which ever is lower; if the net fair value is lower than the face value, net fair value shall be recorded to indicate such a loss so as to off-set the face value of the net asset from the discontinued operations; if the net fair value recovers, recovered gains can be recognized within the scope of losses originally measured by net fair value. The gain or loss from discontinued operations shall be presented as net income, following the item of the post-tax income or loss from continuing operations. Article 35 : Extraordinary gains and losses refer to any unusual or infrequent occurrence which shall be presented net form, , following the item of th e gain and loss from discontinued operations. | Article 36 : The cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles shall be presented as a net change, following the item of the extraordinary gain and loss. | 3. Retained earnings or deficit should include the following content: (1) The beginning balance. (2) The prior period net income or loss adjustment. (3) The current period net income or loss. (4) The appropriation of legal reserves and special reserves, distribution of dividends, etc. (5) The ending balance. 4. The beginning balance, the changes of the items and the amount during the current period, and the ending balance of the unrealized loss on market value decline of financial products. 5. The beginning balance, the changes of the items and the amount during the current period, and the ending balance of the unrealized revaluation increments. 6. The beginning balance, the changes of the items and the amount during the current period, and the ending balance of the cumulative translation adjustment. 7. The beginning balance, the changes of the items and the amount during the current period, and the ending balance of the treasury stock. The respective income tax expense or benefit shall reflect the itemsArticle 39 : The statement of cash flows must present a summary of information specifying all cash receipts and expenditures incurred by the business entity during a specific period; preparation and presentation of the statement of cash flows shall follow the Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 17. | Article 40 : The following subsequent events that occur after the balance sheet date but before the issuance of financial statements shall be specified in the notes to the financial statements: 1. Changes in capital structure. 2. Significant long- or short-term borrowings. 3. Additions, expansion, construction, leasing, abandonment, idleness, sale, collateralization, transfer or long-term renting of major assets. 4. Significant changes in productive capacity. 5. Significant changes in production and sales policies. 6. Major investments in other businesses. 7. Losses on catastrophic disasters. 8. The proceeding or settlement of important lawsuits. 9. The signing, fulfillment, cancellation or voiding of important contracts. 10. Important organizational adjustments and significant reforms in management systems. 11. Significant effects resulting from changes in government regulations. 12. All other important events and measures that will affect the financial position, results of operations and cash flows in the future. | Direct materials used| | | Beginning raw materials inventory| $ 6,200| | Add: Cost of raw materials purchased| 49,400| | Total raw materials available| 55,600| | Less: Ending raw materials inventory| (5,800)| | Total raw materials used| | $ 49,800| Direct labor| | 125,600| Manufacturing overhead| | | Indirect materials| 4,100| | Indirect labor| 43,700| | Depreciation—factory building| 9,500| | Depreciation—factory equipment| 5,400| | Insurance—factory| 12,000| | Property taxes—factory| 4,500| | Total manufacturing overhead| | 79,200| Total manufacturing costs| | 254,600| Add: Beginning work-in-process inventory| | 10,20| | | 264,800| Less: Ending work-in-process inventory| | (9,800)| Cost of goods manufactured| | $255,000| How to cite Chapter 4 : Account Titles and Preparation of Financial Statements, Essay examples

Design and Evaluation of Network Architecture - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Design and Evaluation of Network Architecture. Answer: Introduction The New Jersey Police and the New Jersey State Association are looking to implement a Virtual Private Network. They are looking to reach down to the members of their community. In addition to this, they are looking to set up a network that would provide them with the information about the various type of issues such as the terrorists activities, interagency drug and gang interdiction [1]. The NJ State police are looking to collaborate with Cisco for this situation. They are looking to integrate the latest technologies so that they can have real time data and have much improved level of decision making. In addition to this, they are looking to integrate the Cisco DX/SX/MX Series endpoints within their networks. This involves the products of cisco such as the Cisco Jabber, Cisco Webex, Cisco Spark and collaboration of these solutions within the network. This report provides the details of the VPN design and implementation. The Assumptions, justifications and the requirements for the ne twork have also been provided in this report. Virtual Private Network Design The main security objectives of the New Jersey State Police are: To increase the community safety To increase the real time safety for the people To increase the data safety for the network The main business objectives of the New Jersey State Police are: To promote and enhance the highest ethical and professional standards in law enforcement through New Jersey To have commitment for continuous improvement To create an affordable, common collaboration platform by which all safety agencies could collaborate on issues including emergency responses, terrorist activity, training, interagency drug and gang interdiction. To drive decision making This section of the report is concerned with the assumptions that were taken during the designing of the network. In addition to this the criteria that were stated by the New Jersey Police were also taken into account before the designing of the network [2]. The main criteria of the New Jersey State police were to increase the efficiency in the communication in between the different departments of the State police. In addition to this, the organization also requires the 3,080 sheriffs in their network to communicated freely among themselves. The network is also going to accommodate the Cisco Jabber, Cisco Spark and the Cisco end points so that the communication in between the different centers for the organization are efficiently performed. In addition to this, it is assumed that the network would have a central server that is going to perform all the functionalities in the network. In addition to this, the network should also be able to accommodate a large number of workstations so the major functions can be performed efficiently. The main routers are going to distribute the network in the different centers for the network. In addition to this, the law enforcement agencies in the other states are going to connected to the network by the use of the MAN hub [3]. The network would also be providing wireless access to the different users of the network. Hence each of the branches in the network has WIFI routers connected to them. Description of the Virtual Private Network Design The network is designed by use of a series of VPN routers. The main router is connected to three routers that would help in spreading the network in further divisions. The network is connected both to the WAN and the MAN services. The WAN services would provide the network with the internet connectivity and the MAN services would provide the network with the ability to distribute the network in to different states of the country. The network would provide the organization the ability to perform efficient routing although keep the network private. The sub networks within the network are basically guarded by the firewalls [4]. The networks are then sub divided into further sub networks with the help of the hubs. The network is being used for the private communications and for the real time connection among the different sectors of the New jersey police department. The network data and the private data for the organization are secured and also the collaboration of the cisco endpoint wit hin the organization can be done very easily by the network. The design of the network has been done according to the need of the organization. The designed network would be providing all the necessities that were mentioned by the organization. The network has been designed keeping in mind the security and the business objectives of the New Jersey Police. The network is designed in a way so that the connection in between the different components within the network are possible and the communications within the network are also performed efficiently [6]. The network is being used for the communication in real time with the components of the different sectors of the network. In addition to this, the network firewalls are also installed in the network this would provide the security to the different divisions within the network. The VPN network would also restrict the accessibility within the network. This would stop the intruders from connecting to the network and also risks of data being stolen or hampered within the network would be restricted aptly. The network also comprises of the wireless devices that would allow the rem ote access to the network. The network has support around 3080 wireless devices for the nationwide sheriffs as mentioned by the National Sheriffs Association. Hence, the availability of remote access to the network is very necessary and this increase the efficiency of the network. The network also provides the huge amount of affordability as the network is implemented using the optimal components and hence the cost of implementation of the network is optimizable to a great extent. The network design also allows the organization to maintain it very easily. For the proposed network architecture, the optical fiber cables are to be used as the network stretches over a large area. The VPN routers are to be used for the network as they are efficient in implementing the VPN Tunneling for the Network [8]. The switches are used for the dividing the network connections into further subdivisions. The hubs are also used in the network that would serve the function of the repeaters in the Wide Area Network. In addition to this NetGear switches and wireless routers are used in the network that would help in the expansion of the network. VPN Tunneling and encapsulation protocols To interface whole network together by means of a VPN (normally called site-to-site associations) it's best to influence the association at every area's principle to arrange switch or door, which requires a switch or a passage with worked in VPN usefulness. You'll discover most VPN arrangements likewise bolster remote access to clients outside of the association. For the most part the slightest secure strategy [9]. However, to provide remote access to clients outside of your workplaces, PPTP is locally bolstered on Windows and most other working frameworks and cell phones. In any case, there can be association issues when workers interface from systems that don't permit VPN go through. The L2T/IP provides a better security than the PPTP, although setup of the protocol is much harder than that of the PPTP. For the remote access to the systems this protocol is very efficient and also the protocol helps in connecting the wireless devices to the network. Normally intended for giving remote VPN access to clients outside of your workplaces, not interfacing whole systems. The association is made through a Web program and doesn't require a VPN customer on the PC or gadget. The IPSec Protocol is also used in the system for the improvement of the security and the flexibility of the system. The protocol has five contents incorporated within it. The encapsulation protocol, the Encapsulation mode, the encryption algorithm, the hash function and the key validation. The MD5 and the SHA-1 encryption algorithms are used in this protocol. The center innovation of IPSec-VPN is IPSec convention suite primarily including Authentication Header (AH)[3], Encapsulating Security Play load (ESP)[4], Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)[5] and Internet Key Exchange (IKE)[6]. ESP convention is predominantly to provide privacy assurance and honesty check to security frameworks, in which encryption and verification calculations are required; AH convention is primarily to give integrity verification and it just includes validation calculation. Both ESP and AH have passed the corresponding Security Association (SA) consulted in ISAKMP to portray h ow to protect communications, which sorts of information floods of interchanges ought to be ensured and which modes ought to be utilized to ensure correspondences, and so forth by SA. IKE convention is to control the process of arranging SA by ISAKMP, and with a specific end goal to enhance the effectiveness of arrangement, IKE divides the procedure of arranging SA by ISAKMP into two phases that are separately IKE SA negotiation and IPSec SA transaction. Conclusion For conclusion it can be said that the VPN is very important for any kind of organization to maintain the privacy and the encapsulation within the network. The organization is also benefited from these techniques as the authentication at different level is provided within the network and also the privacy with the network is maintained while, on the other hand the efficiency in the communication also improved. The New Jersey Police and the New Jersey State Association are looking to implement a Virtual Private Network. They are looking to set up a network that would provide them with the information about the various type of issues such as the terrorists activities, interagency drug and gang interdiction. The NJ State police are looking to collaborate with Cisco for this situation. They are looking to integrate the latest technologies so that they can have real time data and have much improved level of decision making. This report provides the details of the VPN design and implementat ion. The Assumptions, justifications and the requirements for the network have also been provided in this report. The network design and the logical design of the network has been provided in this report. In addition to this the different type of protocol suites available for the network has also been provided in this report. The assumptions were made based on the security and the business objectives of the organization. The network has also been designed according to the criteria mentioned by the organization and the network designed is aptly justified. References Theodoro, L.C., Leite, P.M., de Freitas, H.P., Passos, A.C.S., de Souza Pereira, J.H., de Oliveira Silva, F., Rosa, P.F. and Cardoso, A., 2015. Revisiting Virtual Private Network Service at Carrier Networks: Taking Advantage of Software Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualisation.ICN 2015, p.84. 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